Tema de mi interés en Ingles (los aceptados)
Encierra fuente/fecha de escrito
Ilumina fechas
Subraya autores
Sintesis.LINGUISTICA/PARALINGUISTICA/NO LINGUISTICA (Lo que deseen)
BBC NEWS AFRICA
5 December 2013 Last updated at 21:56 GMT
Obituary: Nelson Mandela
By Fergal KeaneBBC News
To those who observed him closely, Nelson Mandela always carried himself as one who was born to lead.As his former cellmate and long time friend, Ahmed Kathrada, said recently: "He was born into a royal house and there was always that sense about him of someone who knew the meaning of leadership."
The Mandela who led the African National Congress into government displayed a conspicuous sense of his own dignity and a self-belief that nothing in 27 years of imprisonment had been capable of destroying.
Although Mr Mandela frequently described himself as simply part of the ANC's leadership, there was never any doubt that he was the most potent political figure of his generation in South Africa.
No bitterness... Mandela and De Klerk
To the wider world he represented many things, not least an icon of freedom but also the most vivid example in modern times of the power of forgiveness and reconciliation. Back in the early 1990s, I remember then President, FW De Klerk, telling me he how he found Mandela's lack of bitterness "astonishing".
His fundamental creed was best expressed in his address to the sabotage trial in 1964. "I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination," he said.
"I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die."
Born in 1918, Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela was raised in the village of Qunu in the Transkei in the Eastern Cape. He was one of 13 children from a family with close links to the royal house of the Thembu people.
Mr Mandela often recalled his boyhood in the green hills of the Transkei with fondness. This was a remote landscape of beehive-shaped huts and livestock grazing on poor land.
He was only nine when his father died of tuberculosis. Always closer emotionally to his mother, Mr Mandela described his father as a stern disciplinarian. But he credited his father with instilling the instincts that would help carry him to greatness.
Years later Mr Mandela would write that "my father possessed a proud rebelliousness, a stubborn sense of fairness…" His death changed the course of the boy's life.
The young Mandela was sent from his home village to live as a ward of the Thembu royal house, where he would be groomed for a leadership role.
This meant he must have a proper education. He was sent to a Methodist school, where he was given the name Nelson. He was a diligent student and in 1939 went to Fort Hare University, then a burgeoning centre of African nationalism.
It was at Fort Hare that Mr Mandela met the future ANC leader, Oliver Tambo, with whom he would establish the first black law practice in South Africa. Both were expelled from the university in
1940 for political activism.
First as a lawyer, then an activist and ultimately as a guerrilla leader, Mr Mandela moved towards the collision with state power that would change his own and his country's fate.
The late
1950s and early
1960s were a period of growing tumult in South Africa, as African nationalists allied with the South African Communist Party challenged the apartheid state.
When protest was met with brute force, the ANC launched an armed struggle with Mr Mandela at its head.
He was arrested and charged with treason in
1956. After a trial lasting five years, Mr Mandela was acquitted. But by now the ANC had been banned and his comrade
Oliver Tambo had gone into exile.
Nelson Mandela went underground and embarked on a secret trip to seek help from other African nations emerging from colonial rule. He also visited London to meet Tambo.
But soon after his return he was arrested and sentenced to five years in jail. Further charges, of sabotage, led to a life sentence that would see him spend 27 years behind bars.
He worked in the lime quarry on Robben Island, the prison in Cape Town harbour where the glaring sun on the white stone caused permanent damage to his eyes; he contracted tuberculosis in Pollsmoor Prison outside Cape Town, and he held the first talks with government ministers while he was incarcerated at the Victor Verster prison farm.
In conversation, he would often say prison had given him time to think. It had also formed his habits in sometimes poignant ways.
I recall a breakfast with several other journalists, where Mr Mandela was briefing us on the latest political talks. The waiter approached with a bowl of porridge. Tasting it briefly, the ANC leader shook his head. "It is too hot," he said. The waiter went away and returned with another bowl. This too was sent back. The waiter was looking embarrassed as he approached for the third time.
Fortunately the temperature was now cool enough. The famous broad smile appeared. The waiter was heartily thanked and breakfast - and our questions - were able to continue.
"That was a bit fussy wasn't it," I remarked to a colleague afterwards.
My colleague pulled me up short with his reply. "Think about it. If you spent 27 years in jail, most of the time eating food that was either cold or at best lukewarm, you are going to end up struggling with hot food."
There it was, expressed in the most prosaic of realities, a reminder of the long vanished years of Nelson Mandela.
Prison had taken away the prime of his life. It had taken away his family life. Relations with some of his children were strained. His marriage to
Winnie Mandela would end in divorce.
But as I followed him over the next three years, through embattled townships, tense negotiations, moments of despair and elation, I would understand that prison had never robbed his humanity.
I remember listening to him in a dusty township after a surge of violence which threatened to derail negotiations. Fighting between ANC supporters and the predominantly Zulu Inkatha movement had claimed thousands of lives, mainly in the townships around Johannesburg and in the hills of Natal.
Huge crowds greeted Nelson Mandela's release
In those circumstances another leader might have been tempted to blame the enemy alone. But when Mr Mandela spoke he surprised all of us who were listening: "There are members of the ANC who are killing our people… We must face the truth. Our people are just as involved as other organisations that are committing violence… We cannot climb to freedom on the corpses of innocent people."
He knew the crowd would not like his message but he also knew they would listen.
As an interviewee, he deflected personal questions with references to the suffering of all South Africans. One learned to read the expressions on his face for a truer guide to what Mr Mandela felt.
On the day that he separated from Winnie Mandela, I interviewed him at ANC headquarters. I have no recollection of what he said but the expression of pure loneliness on his face is one I will always remember.
But my final memory of Nelson Mandela is one of joy. On the night of 2 May
1994 I was crammed into a function room full of officials, activists, diplomats and journalists, struggling to hear each other as the music pulsed and the cheers rang out.
The ANC had won a comprehensive victory. On the stage, surrounded by his closest advisors, Nelson Mandela danced and waved to the crowd. He smiled the open, generous smile of a man who had lived to see his dream.
SÍNTESIS.
Para los que lo conocían Nelson Mandela se comportaba como alguien que nació para liderar. Su amigo y compañero de celda Ahmed Kathrada dijo: “Nació en casa real y siempre sentí que conocía el significado de la palabra LIDERAZO”.
“Mandela dirigió el Congreso Nacional Africano, mostró un sentido de dignidad y confianza en si mismo, que 27 años de prisión no lograron destruir”.
El se describe como parte de la dirección de ANC, aunque nunca hubo duda de que era la figura política mas potente de su generación en Sudáfrica.
Para el resto del mundo representa, no solo un icono de libertad, sino también un ejemplo claro en los tiempos modernos, de la fuerza del perdón y la reconciliación.
Su credo fundamental se expresa mejor en su discurso ante el juicio en 1964:
“HE LUCHADO CONTRA LA DOMINACIÓN BLANCA, Y HE PELEADO CONTRA LA DOMINACIÓN NEGRA. HE BUSCADO EL IDEAL DE UNA SOCIEDAD DEMOCRÁTICA Y LIBRE EN LA QUE TODAS LAS PERSONAS VIVAN JUNTAS EN ARMONÍA, CON IGUALDAD DE OPORTUNIDADES. ES UN IDEAL QUE ESPERO VIVIR Y LOGRAR, PERO SI ES NECESARIO, ES UN IDEAL POR EL QUE ESTOY PREPARADO PARA MORIR.”
Nació en 1918, Rolihlahla Dalibunga Mandela, fue criado en la aldea de Qunu, en Kranskei, Provincia Oriental del Cabo.
Era uno de los 13 hijos de una familia muy vinculada a la casa real de la gente Thembu.
Tenía solo 9 años cuando su padre murió de tubercolósis. Lo describió como de una disciplina severa, pero le atribuye los créditos de inculcarle los instintos que le ayudaron a lograr su grandeza.
El joven Mandela fue enviado desde su pueblo natal a vivir a la casa real, donde se preparó para un rol de liderazgo. Fue enviado a una escuela metodista, donde se le dio el nombre de Nelson.
Era un estudiante aplicado y en 1939 fue a la Universidad de Fort Hare, un centro floreciente del nacionalismo Africano. Alli conoció al futuro líder del CNA, Oliver Tambo, con quien establecería su primer práctica de la ley negra en Sudafrica. Ambos fueron expulsados en 1940 por la practica de activismo político.
A finales de 1950 y principios de 1960 fue un periodo de creciente tumulto en Sudafrica; cuando la protesta se junto con la fuerza bruta, el ANC lanzo una lucha armada con Mandela a la cabeza. Fue arrestado y acusado de traición a la patria en 1956; después de un juicio que duro 5 años, Mandela fue absuelto. Pero el ANC fue prohibido y su compañero Oliver exiliado.
Mandela paso a la clandestinidad, viajo en secreto a pedir ayuda a otras naciones Africanas que también salian de la dominación colonial. Cuando regreso fue detenido y condenado a 5 años de cárcel, otros cargo por sabotaje, llevaron a una sentencia de por vida, que lo vería pasar 27 años tras las rejas.
Trabajó en la cantera de cal, donde el sol deslumbrante en las canteras de piedra blanca, causaron daños permanentes en sus ojos y contrajo tubercolosis.
En sus conversaciones solia decir que la cárcel le había dado tiempo para pensar, también le había formado sus habitos , a veces de manera conmovedora. Pero también le quito el mejor momento de su vida, su vida familiar, las relaciones con algunos de sus hijos eran tensas, su matrimonio con Winnie Mandela terminaría en divorcio.
Grandes multitudes saludaron la liberación de Nelson Mandela.
En estas circunstancias cualquier otro líder podría haber tenido la tentación de culpar al enemigo, pero Mandela sorprendió a todos diciendo que había miembros del ANC que estaban matando a su pueblo, debían enfentar la verdad: “nuestro pueblo está tan involucrado como otras organizaciones que ejercen violencia. No podemos alcanzar la libertad, sobre los cadáveres de personas inocentes”.
“Mi ultimo recuerdo de Nelson Mandela es de alegría. En la noche del 2 de Mayo de 1994, el ANC había obtenido una victoria completa. En el escenario, rodeado de sus asesores mas cercanos, Nelson Mandela bailó y saludo a la multitud, el sonrio abiertamente, sonrisa generosa de un hombre que había vivido para ver su sueño”.
